Many people have documented methods of dyeing animal fibers (ie, wool) with Kool-Aid (see References below). Cotton is much harder to dye using these methods because it is derived from plants. I'm doing a series of experiments in order to find a method that will give the most color to cotton. I will vary solution pH, solution temperature, fiber wetting, and concentration of dye solution (after four years of chem lab, I can't escape the scientific method!). Oh yeah, Kool-Aid is a registered trademark of Kraft.

Purpose: Find conditions that give the most intense results when dyeing 100% cotton yarn with Kool-Aid.

Background: Cotton is a plant fiber and is made of cellulose, a polymeric sugar. It is hydrophilic (water loving), which is why cotton towels are so absorbent. Dyes tend to be water-soluble but also have substantial organic components (this is what imparts color in the visible range). The Kool-Aid I will use in this experiment contains Red #40, which is an azo dye. Its chemical structure can be found here.

Materials:

• Lion Brand Kitchen Cotton (100% cotton)
• Kool-Aid unsweetened drink mix, Tropical Punch
• White vinegar (to lower pH)
• Baking soda (to raise pH)
• Dishwashing liquid (to prepare fiber for dyeing)

Procedure/Results:

The general procedure I will use in dyeing my cotton has been adapted from the references listed below. Because I am running multiple trials, I will use small amounts of cotton and kool-aid solution; instructions should be modified accordingly based on how much yarn is to be dyed.

pH/Temperature Trials:

1. Soak 12" lengths of cotton in hot water with a little dishwashing liquid for 30 minutes to wet the yarn. Do the next two steps while the yarn is soaking.
2. Create master dye solution using 1 packet of Kool-Aid and 3/4 cup of water. Depending on the pH you would like to achieve, add (a) 1/4 cup white vinegar (low pH), (b) 1/4 cup water (medium pH), or (c) 1/4 cup water and 2 tbsp baking soda (high pH - be prepared, it'll fizz!).
3. Measure 1/3 cup of dye solution into an appropriate container (a non-aluminum pot for the high-temperature trial, anything you please for the other trials). For the high-temperature trial, heat the solution until it almost boils. For the low-temperature trial, refrigerate the solution for 30 minutes. For the room-temperature trial, do nothing yet.
4. Squeeze out excess water from yarn. For each container of solution, add one 12" piece of yarn, making sure it's submerged.
5. Allow yarn to soak while keeping solution temperature constant (stove for hot, fridge for cold, countertop for room-temp) for 1.5 hours. For the high-temp trials, you may have to add more water as existing water evaporates. That should be okay since we only care about the absolute amount of dye present.
6. Let yarn come to room temperature, then remove from solution and rinse thoroughly. Let dry.

It appears that we get roughly the same color intensity at a range of pHs and temperatures. Based on this information, future trials will be done at room temperature (much easier than monitoring a stove for hours!).

Concentration/Wetting Trials:

1. For the wetting trial, I soaked the yarn in a warm water/dish soap solution for 30 minutes. For the non-wetting trial, I did nothing to the yarn.
2. For both wetting and non-wetting trials, I created a master solution out of 1 packet of Tropical Punch Kool-Aid and 6.25 tsp of water.
3. I doled this master solution out into five cups, divided as follows: .25 tsp, .5 tsp, 1 tsp, 1.5 tsp (1/2 tbsp), 3 tsp (1 tbsp) of master solution. I then filled each cup half full with water (all cups were filled to the same level to control for solution volume, which people claim does not affect results). I then added 1/4 cup of white vinegar to each solution, even though I found previously that it doesn't make a difference.
4. I put yard-long pieces of yarn in each solution and let them sit for 1.5 hours at room temperature.
   
   
   
   
5. I rinsed each piece with soapy water, then clean water, and let them dry.

As you can see in the pictures (which look a little more orange than the yarn actually is), wetting with warm soapy water for 30 minutes definitely increases the intensity of the dye. Not wetting gives a paler and more vareigated effect. Also, the more dye present in solution, the stronger the color. Not much of a surprise, but good to verify it.

Since the teaspoon measurements aren't very intuitive, here are their equivalent amounts in yards of yarn per packet of Kool-Aid:

Conclusions: From these limited experiments, we can conclude that when dyeing cotton yarn, the most color is obtained by using large amounts of Kool-Aid and pre-wetting the yarn. Adding vinegar and heating are less important to the intensity of the color.

References:

1. Burch, Paula. FAQ: Is Kool-Aid really colored with Procion MX dye? (No!) (explains why Kool-Aid dyes do not work on cotton)
2. Harris-Pruitt, Barbara. Dyeing Protein Fibers with Kool-Aid: Basic Howto (includes microwave and stovetop methods for dyeing wool)
3. Hergert, Anna. Dyeing to Win, (mentions that cotton dyes better in cold solutions)
4. Hiott, Nicolette. Hey! Kool-Aid! Fun and Funky Kool-Aid Dyeing (three different techniques for dyeing wool with Kool-Aid)
5. Knitter's Review. Quick, Fun Dyeing for Beginners (lots of pictures of dyed yarns)
6. McMillan, Caroline ed. Wool Works: dyeing fibers (a compilation of emails with advice on dyeing with Kool-Aid)
7. Nolke.com Veni Vidi ViDYE (lots of good pictures accompanying instructions on dyeing both wool and cotton)
8. Squeo, Melissa. What is FD&C Red Dye #40 and why is it used? (background information about Red #40)

Other Results:

I tried doing more non-scientific tests with the rest of my cotton (~220 yards) with less-than-stellar results. First, I tried to dye it orange using 1 packet Orange, 1 packet Mandarina Tangerina, and 2 packets Lemonade. It came out faintly yellow, but nothing noticeable. Probably a combination of low concentration and the faintness of the orange compared to red.

Then I dyed half of the skein in 1 packet Tropical Punch, 1 Orange, and 1 Strawberry, which gave a light pink. Then I decided to try to overdye it blue. Unfortunately, when I re-wetted the yarn, most of the pink washed out (guess I didn't rinse well enough after dyeing the first time around). The blue (6 packets of Raspberry Ice Blue) didn't take very well, though more of it showed up after drying for some reason. I think the problem was that I didn't wash off the soap after wetting the yarn, and it kept the dye molecules from entering the fiber. Oh well!

In the future, it would also be better to use Blue Moon Berry instead of Raspberry Ice Blue because the raspberry was a pretty light blue, even in solution.

Then I knitted up a small swatch in garter stitch and dyed this in a packet of Strawberry. It turned a nice pink, and when I unravelled it, it was a variegated pink. Pretty cool, but impractical for large projects.

Last night, I did some experiments with dyeing yarn with Kool-Aid. It's a big thing among knitters and other fiber people. I didn't like the feel (or price) of any of the wool at Jo-Ann, so I bought some cheap kitchen cotton instead. I took pictures of my first set of results, but I don't feel like putting them up tonight. I bought more Tropical Punch to do my time/concentration experiments, but I don't feel like doing those either, and I figure that this should be a fun project, and I shouldn't force myself to do it if I don't feel like it. I'll keep you posted. What I really want is to knit something using cotton and mohair together (the mohair takes dye much better than the cotton) to make a two-toned piece. But I'm very wishy-washy about buying mohair, even the cheap stuff, because I should be saving my money. I'll think about it a few more days before I buy anything.

Okay, here are some pictures. First, we have my empty room in Atwood after I moved out on Saturday. Aww...it looks sad (and dusty!)

And here are some pictures of our living room and kitchen in our new apartment. The pictures of the bedroom didn't turn out because the window area is so much lighter than the rest of the room. Maybe I'll put up pictures later. Anyway, it's very nice...we have my big bed up and pretty white Ikea curtains hanging up. Lots of space.

Oh, and here are some AFM pictures of the new polymer I mentioned a few days ago (the pictures are all 4 microns on a side, features are about 70-100 nm wide and around 10 nm tall). I like it because you can see how the spaghetti and continents are based on a dot-unit of specific, uniform size. The dimensions of this unit are related to the sizes of the polymer blocks. This uniformity is much clearer for the new polymer (141k) than for the 51k or 182k. This is because the PEO block is larger, which aids uniformity. If you have no idea what I'm talking about, go to this page and read my thesis or look at my senior presentation. Or you can just enjoy the pictures without understanding how I got them.

     

Ahh...today was very nice. I was productive, but it was also relaxing. Hard to believe we only moved in yesterday. The apartment looks great; plenty of space, and it already feels like home. Today we washed all our kitchen stuff (it's been out on my balcony for a year!) and I watched Patrick put a new screen on our screen door. I was so impressed...I took a picture. Maybe I'll post it tomorrow (not like there's much to see; just a shiny new screen with no holes in it). We also walked to the nursery that's a few blocks away and bought two African violets to keep my big green plant company. I'm afraid we'll have to leave them behind come fall, but we won't talk about that just yet. I also bought a packet of wildflower seeds and "planted" them in the patch of dirt in front of our door. Maybe they'll grow, maybe not. And I cooked dinner and made a healthy but tasty dessert (banana oat bars with dates; yummy but pretty amorphous, hard to eat neatly). Patrick chose to eat a popsicle instead, but I wolfed down his share of oatmeal bars as well.

I'm so happy that we get tomorrow off. It let me feel relaxed today. Good stuff...pictures coming soon!

Whew! We're all moved in, though there's still some unpacking to do. I'll take pictures once we're settled and my computer's put back together. I like it here, especially being with Patrick. And I got to go grocery shopping and buy lots of stuff. I saved $27 with my Vons card. Wowie.

Mmm...we went to Olive Garden tonight and I had the soup that I've been thinking about ever since we were there last. It's called Zuppa Toscana, and here's an imitation recipe from allrecipes.com. Too bad there's 38g of fat per serving! Guess that's what happens when you have soup with whipping cream in it. Oh, but it's so good, especially the kale. For some reason, I really like having leafy stuff in soup.

Research is coming along well. We have a visiting researcher from Carnegie Mellon (Bethany) who is doing the same stuff I am (well, right now we're doing the same stuff; if all goes well our paths will diverge later this summer). She's very nice and learns quickly, which is good. Now we'll just have to figure out who uses which instrument when. We are the only people who use the Langmuir-Blodgett trough, but there are tons of people who want the AFM (even physicists!). I think we'll have to wrestle for it. Maybe if Bethany and I team up, we can win.

Patrick and I get to move into our summer apartment tomorrow. We went and looked at it today, and it's pretty clean (smells a little funky though). It's cleaner than the apartment we lived in two summers ago, and it still has all its bathroom tiles. Woo! I'm really excited to live with him and cook in our very own kitchen! All mine! Okay, Patrick can use it too, but I know he won't leave a mess in it. And there are going to be TVs in the bedroom and the living room! What luxury! I wish we could live together for more than just this summer. I just hope I can behave for however long we're apart (may be five years, may be one year) so we *can* live together in the future. I really want to be good this time and make this relationship work.

Aww...I just watched the series finale of Felicity. Geez, WB, why must you play on my emotions so? Why do you always play Sarah McLachlan's "I Will Remember You"? You know it makes me teary-eyed. Hmph. Even though I haven't watched Felicity for a few years now, it makes me sad to see it end. She started college the same time I did, now she's moving on with her life. Yeah, I know she's fictional, but still. That means I'm moving on too, and indeed I am. But I like this life just fine!

I am excited about my summer, post Mudd, though. I made reservations at this hostel today for August 1-15. That leaves a few days between when I leave Mudd and when I have lodging in Boston (the hostel will only let me stay for 14 days at a time), and then after August 15 I'll hopefully be able to move into MIT housing. I'll probably either spend extra time with Patrick or visit home (Colorado) for a few days. I'm glad I have reservations; it makes me feel like I have a definite future, good and planned out. I'm jealous of Patrick because he got a packet from Stanford about orientation, and I haven't heard anything from MIT since I accepted their offer. I hope they're not playing a big trick on me!

First off, before I forget, here's a flower that I'm trying to identify:

There are huge amounts of them growing along Baseline near Mills Ave. Patrick thinks they're wildflowers, and I agree. Anyway, they're really pretty, and much preferable to other kinds of groundcover, so I'd like to know for future reference what they are. Unfortunately, the pictures didn't turn out great. The flowers are a light pink/lavender color and their petals are crepe-like with well-defined veins. We're thinking maybe some kind of poppy? Anyway, if you know what kind of flower this is, could you email me?

Other news: today was my first day of summer research (still at Mudd with Baker). I got to show a visiting research student how to work the Langmuir-Blodgett trough. I'm still not quite sure what Prof. Baker wants me to do this summer...I know what I'd like to do, but I'm not sure if that's what she has planned for me. I guess I should just go along with whatever she'd like me to do. Patrick gets this whole week off, and I'm pretty jealous of him, though it's also good to feel like I'm doing real work.

Today I bought some DVDs with some of my graduation money (at least that's my excuse). I got them at Playcentric, which I found through My Simon. If you get to Playcentric through My Simon, you get a special offer for either free shipping or $3 off every item you buy. They already have low prices, so that was a great find. I hope they actually ship me my DVDs! I ordered Say Anything (to replace my VHS copy, finally), The Wedding Singer (Drew Barrymore makes me smile), and Bring It On (Kirsten Dunst also makes me smile). I may go to Hollywood Video and buy a used copy of Serendipity because I couldn't find a new copy cheaper online. I'm trying to stock up on happy romantic movies to keep me company at MIT. I know I'm supposed to be getting rid of stuff in anticipation of my cross-country move, but DVDs don't take up much space.

Patrick and I bought enough food to tide me over until we move into the Foothill Apartments next weekend (until then, I don't have a kitchen, and he's going home from Wednesday until Friday night). We talked about how dog food is probably the cheapest thing you could eat and still feed yourself (with ramen a close second), but the thought repulsed us both, so I went a step up and got soup and slim-fast. I have no fridge either (I sold it last month), and I'm going to eat the soup at work, where there's a microwave. And then go out to cheap sandwich/fast food places for dinner. Oh, how pitiful I am...I'll be much happier when I have a kitchen!

Ugh...I got some Viactiv calcium chews at Vons instead of vitamins and ate two tonight, and now I'm feeling yucky. I guess I should have taken them with my meals like the package said. But they look and taste like candy; it's no fair that they're really medicine (I don't know if I'd describe vitamins as medicine, but the package does). Hmph...

Here are a few pictures from graduation (click on the squinty Caitlin):

My dad and I had dinner with Patrick's family at the ever-wonderful Harvard Square Cafe. They had a limited menu, so that meant no chocolate mousse, but the creme brulee I had instead was very tasty. Patrick got all sorts of great graduation presents, the best being a digital video camera! He's downstairs right now playing with it. I doubt he'll miss our dinky old Olympus now. All mine! I'm going to go keep him company...it's been a good day.

It's done. I'm now an alumna of Harvey Mudd College! Everything went well...it didn't rain, but it wasn't hot. I got to talk to lots of people afterwards, and I felt loved :) I'll have pictures later, after Patrick returns the camera. I'm glad he and I graduated together...it feels good.

Oh, and Deren Finks got the Henry T. Mudd prize this year (it's a surprise until the day of graduation, and it's awarded to staff members, I think). He's so great...all of us know him because he's the head of admissions and he's so friendly and good natured. I was so happy that he got it; it was all emotional and I cried a little because he's such a great guy and he hadn't been expecting it. Aw...I'm sappy. But at least I didn't trip when I got my diploma!

Uh oh...it's looking rainy outside. That'd be kinda cool if our graduation was in the rain. It would make it a special story that I could tell to people. Oh, and I decided not to wear my fairy princess dress...I think I'd be too self-conscious, and today I'd rather be as comfortable as possible (while still looking nice). Oh well!

While looking for inspiration regarding my new grey mohair yarn, I visited fluffa (via Chicknits, of course). Oh my god, I am so in love with the pink stripey sweater she is making. I want it! I want lots of pink yarn! And sparkly thread! Me me me! Hmmm...guess I should wait until I have someplace to keep all that yarn I want and money to pay for it too.

I've done a lot of driving today. I took my mom and Alan to the car rental place (they slept in my room last night, then they'll return on Saturday for graduation). This afternoon, I drove with Patrick to Chino to pick up the Atwood dorm sweatshirts. But the best part of my driving was my trip to the yarn store (Needles and Niceties, at Baseline and Mountain)! I've known about its existence for a few months now, and even tried going before, but it was closed. But today it was open! It had so much great yarn and lots of yarn magazines, including issues of Rebecca for $13 each. I ended up not spending too much money and got two skeins of yarn.

The grey mohair will probably be made into a kerchief, though Patrick doesn't like those. Maybe it could be a hat (not sure if there's enough). Or a sock, but I haven't ventured into that territory yet. Or a pom pom headband, like Judy made (she's cool!). We'll see...I just liked the mohair because it was fuzzy. The black yarn (Trendsetter Eyelash, buy here) is for these things I've thought up in my head but don't have a pattern for. I want two little pieces of knitting that I can wrap around buns or ponytails when I go to goth clubs so my blond hair isn't quite so obvious. Kinda like a snood, but smaller and with less hair coverage. I figure black eyelash would be a good yarn for these. I'll have to think more about the design before I start on them. There was also this great soft eyelash yarn there (GGH Apart, buy here or here) in black or blue, but neither color was that great, and I had no reason to buy it. But it felt so nice! Anyway, my trip to the yarn shop was a rapturous experience.

Oh crap, I can't believe I'm graduating from college on Sunday. Where has the time gone? I'm so happy I went to Mudd. It was a good decision on my part (well, it wasn't a huge decision, since I applied early decision and didn't want to go anywhere else...good thing my intuition was right!).

Oh yeah, and I finished the right front piece for my blue sweater. The little piece at the top gets sewn onto the back to create neck ribbing or something. At least I hope that's how it works!

Woo! As Jessica so kindly pointed out in my guestbook, I got an honorable mention in Drew's contest. Good thing Domo Kun's head is so big! I'll add more to this entry later (or maybe I'll make an entirely new entry!).

Why does everyone have to leave right when the weather is beautiful and the jasmine is blooming? I don't want to say goodbye! I guess I'm lucky that I get to stay here this summer; hopefully I'll be sick of Mudd by the end of July and I'll be happy to leave. sigh...

And why does stupid Huntley have to charge $50 for a Mudd hooded sweatshirt? I guess I'll have to be satisfied with the Atwood dorm sweatshirt I ordered. Stupid Huntley...all I want is an item of clothing to remember my school by, and you are exploiting my nostalgia!

I took advantage of my free time today and updated my site a little. I replaced the chemistry link with a crafts page, having been inspired by Chicknits and Not Martha, among others. The chemistry page is still around; in the future you can reach it from my school page. Makes sense, right? Since I'm leaving chemistry for materials science, I figured it'd be okay if I replaced it. I'm so heartless...

In other (related) news, I'm almost done with the right front side of my blue sweater jacket. Here's a picture of it from a few days ago (I'm farther along now).

Poor Patrick's back is still hurting him, so I'm going to go spend time with him now. I like babying him (though the irrational part of me would prefer a real baby), but I'd also like him to get better so we can go see movies and play mini-golf. You hear that, gods of Patrick's health? Make him get better!

Sixteen Candles is such a good movie. It has a beautiful happy ending and even a young John Cusack. Wonderful, wonderful stuff. Good thing I have it on DVD so it can keep me company when I'm far away from Patrick. I definitely need to stock up on the romantic comedies. Next on the list: Say Anything, also with John Cusack. But I can't quite justify buying myself any more DVDs at this point in time. If anyone wants to help build my DVD collection, here's my wishlist. Ah, Molly Ringwald's life always ends up happily when John Hughes is in control...

Today was hot, so I drank a lot of cold water at dinner. I also spilled ice cream on my toes (only a little bit) and managed to get a big ugly paper cut on my knuckle and stick a non-rusty nail into my thumb (only a little bit). What's my problem?

I got a lot done, most of it involving wrapping up typography. I folded and poked the rest of my paper (I'm going to make blank books and thank-you cards out of the leftovers). I also made color copies at Kinko's, which cost way more than I'd expected (almost $50 for 35 copies!). But I think the flyers will help me sell my books, which is good because I've got plenty left to sell!

So I've been relaxing for the last few days, and part of that involves working more on my blue cabled sweater jacket. I started it in January over break, then I had to put it off during the semester. But now I'm chugging along on it. I've got the back and most of the left side done, leaving the right side and sleeves. Maybe I'll have it done by the time it gets cold in Boston. It's made out of way cheap yarn though, so I may not want to wear it once I'm done. Oh well...it's a learning exercise if nothing else. I'll put up pictures when I feel motivated.

I've been such a productive girl today! I deposited money in the bank, went to Michaels without buying any yarn for myself, and started cleaning my room and figuring out what I'm keeping and what I'm getting rid of. I'm so proud of me.

It was a nice day today, but maybe a little hot. When I was doing errands, it was 90 out! I'd prefer having a little more spring before we get summer, but Southern California is rarely obliging like that.

Yesterday, I made the tank top pattern I bought on Thursday. It didn't turn out as well as the skirt...the seams didn't lie totally flat after ironing and it was too big. So maybe I'll give it to Goodwill (I've had a huge bag of clothes to donate sitting in the trunk of my car for 6 months now!). That first picture is the pattern and fabric and the second picture is me in my new shirt and skirt, dressed up for OG Suite's pirate party. I'd really like to make this sweater (PDF file) from Rebecca in a light yellow baby yarn (can't afford mohair) to go with the skirt, but I should save my money.

Unfortunately, about half an hour into the party, I got grog spilled on me, so I had to go change. But I'm pretty sure it'll wash out because it's just watered down rum and spices. Click on the OG Suite poster below for two whole pictures from the party (I didn't really feel like taking pictures).

I should probably note that the OG Suite poster was taken from Penny Arcade. They sure do love their video games. I feel much less strongly about the whole thing.

Patrick finished Clinic yesterday (well, he didn't finish it, but his obligation to the team is done because he's a senior). For you non-Mudders, Clinic is the final project that most CS majors and engineers do (equivalent in stress level to thesis for us physical scientists). Corporate sponsors pay the school to assemble teams of students to solve a problem for them. The students work on this problem for all of senior year (or junior year, in some cases). It's supposed to give them industry experience so they're more hire-able. Anyway, I'm happy...Patrick wasn't getting enough sleep and his back was really hurting. Hopefully he'll get back to his normal self soon and we can spend lots of good time together.

I made this skirt for a pirate party. It's a yellow flower print on cotton and is based on a Burda pattern (8832) I like the ruffle!

My new skirt (it no longer has that pocket)

This top was from a New Look pattern (6945) and is made out of white calico with a white flower print. It turned out a little big, but washing helped that somewhat.

Me in my white tank top and the skirt

Finished my classes today! After lunch, I sat out on the grass with Patrick and Eric while they studied for a final. I was inspired to do a multi-shot picture, a la Phineas. I haven't been able to just be lazy for a long time. It was nice just sitting on the grass and not doing anything.

After dinner, against my better judgement, I went to JoAnn Fabric and bought material and patterns to make a ruffly skirt and cute button-up tank top. I also got a pattern for these cool corduroy pants, but corduroy's not in season right now, so I couldn't buy any fabric for them. Theoretically, I could wear my skirt and top to OG Suite's Pirate party tomorrow night, but I have a feeling I won't finish them in time. I'll try to document my progress though.

So I got my new Bank of America debit card today that's hooked up to my frequent flyer account with America West (anticipating the need for many tickets from Boston to San Francisco). It's pretty and rainbowy, but I'm still going to miss my old card. I'd only had it for a month (it was a renewal card)...it was gold and sparkly and instead of a black magnetic strip on the back, it had a blue and gold strip. That's the coolest. Now I'm back to a black strip, but at least I'll feel like I'm contributing to my relationship. Oh Mr. Debit Card, I never knew you. Goodbye...

Work is almost over. I watched TV last night and knitted and didn't do any homework. Ha! I haven't done that in a while. I'll write more later when I'm really done (that'd be tomorrow at 4pm, though there are still non-homework things that I'm obliged to do in the next week).

Drew is having a contest on his website. The prizes include art by him (which is way cool) and a Kompressor CD. I knit a hat as my entry. It was based on these two patterns. I like the colors (and they let me use up some scraps), but the fit is questionable. It doesn't really have good ribbing at the bottom, so it's not quite a conventional hat. So hopefully either Drew has a big head or a kooky sense of style. Even if I don't win, I've been inspired to try making some pastel art myself, maybe over the summer or maybe when I'm bored in grad school. Hoo-hah, I'm a big dork!

 

 

I just finished my senior presentation without any mishaps (I didn't spill water on myself or anything), so that's done now. Next challenge: write two essays by tomorrow. I'm not sure if I've ever pulled an all-nighter in college (maybe they were so painful I blocked them out), but I might be staying up tonight. We'll see...After that, there's a small 2-page paper due on Thursday, then I move on to a whole new bunch of worries and responsibilities (but there should also be lots more time for enjoying life and being with Patrick, which is very good).

Here's another link to my typography book, for those of you just tuning in.